Review Volume 12, Issue 5 pp 4660—4672

Figure 1. The pathomechanism of renal fibrosis involves several factors, including oxidative stress and related inflammation, disturbances of glucose metabolism, and hemodynamic abnormalities. Many studies have confirmed that APN is involved in reducing renal fibrosis, and its specific mechanisms include reducing renal toxicity, reducing renal cell damage, resisting fibrosis, and reducing proteinuria to protect the glomerular filter.