Figure 5. Effects of metformin on the expression of BmAMPK, Bmp53 and BmFoxO. Expression levels of BmAMPK, Bmp53 and BmFoxO at the indicated developmental stages in silkworms administered metformin (Treatment) or deionized water (Control) determined using real-time PCR. Bars depict the mean + SEM, n=9. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.