Figure 3. Mitochondrial biogenesis increases in the first 2 weeks of rapamycin treatment. Rapamycin transiently induced expression of PGC-1α (A) and TFAM (B-C) at the first two week of treatment. (D) Heatmap for abundance of proteins in mitochondrial function pathway at 1 and 2 weeks compared to controls, with red indicates higher and blue indicates lower abundance. (E-F) Rapamycin induced AMPK phosphorylation at all time points. n≥5/group. * p <0.05 vs. old Ctrl; # p <0.05 vs. 1wk; + p<0.05 vs. 2 wk. Data are represented as mean ± SEM.