Figure 1.Energy accumulation induces inflammation. Energy accumulation leads to elevation
in glucose and fatty acids. These substrates lead to production of
diaglycerids (DAG), Ceramide, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation
of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in cells including macrophages and endothelial
cells. All of these events may activate the inflammatory signaling
pathways, such as IKK/NF-kB and JNK/AP-1. As a consequence, expression of
inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules may increase for chronic
local inflammation. When inflammatory cytokines are elevated in the
circulation, the energy accumulation causes systemic chronic inflammation,
which is observed in obesity. This kind of chronic inflammation is limited
or prevented by calorie restriction
