Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 7 pp 6566—6587

Transcranial direct current stimulation promotes angiogenesis and improves neurological function via the OXA-TF-AKT/ERK signaling pathway in traumatic brain injury

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Figure 4. The crucial role of OXA in tDCS promotes angiogenesis at the site of injury after TBI. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of CD31+ Brdu-positive cell in brain tissue in 2W after injury (n = 3). (B) Quantitative analysis reveals the proportion of CD31-positive cells (n = 3). (C) Quantitative analysis reveals the count of CD31+ Brdu-positive cells (n = 3). (D) Representative western blotting images of CD31 and VEGFA on 14 days post-TBI. Using GAPDH as an internal reference for band density normalization (n = 3). (E) Quantification of western blotting for VEGFA expression (n = 3). (F) Quantification of western blotting for CD31 expression (n = 3). (G) Quantitative analysis of mRNA levels of CD31 expression (n = 3). (H) Quantitative analysis of mRNA levels of VEGFA expression (n = 3). (I) Quantitative analysis of mRNA levels of VEGFR1 expression (n = 3). Results are expressed as means ± standard deviation, the statistical significance of differences was evaluated by One-way ANOVA, *denotes the comparison between the Sham group and the TBI group, #represents the comparison between the TBI and the Sham-tDCS group, &signifies the comparison between the tDCS group and the Sham-tDCS group, and ¥indicates the comparison between the tDCS group and the tDCS+SB334867 group. P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.